基于速度的训练研究综述 2
在过去几个月深入研究了大量关于“基于速度的训练”的研究后，本周我们想为大家带来第二期研究综述！下面介绍的这三篇论文都与基于速度的训练及肌肉疲劳相关。我们希望这些内容能为您提供一些思考的素材，并基于现有证据带来一些新的见解和结论。 下文将介绍三篇最新研究论文，并阐述研究者试图探索的研究目的、方法及结果。如有任何疑问，欢迎随时告知。让我们开始吧！
研究 1
神经系统对肌肉疲劳的作用：从大脑到肌肉，再回到大脑
由泰勒（Taylor）、阿曼（Amann）、杜沙托（Duchateau）、梅森（Meeusen）和赖斯（Rice）等研究人员开展的“基于速度的训练”研究，通过文献综述探讨了肌肉在运动过程中产生力量能力的渐进性下降。研究人员旨在了解肌肉疲劳的起源及其作用机制，涵盖从运动系统功能受损到神经系统变化，以及运动过程中表现能力的下降。 最终得出三项主要结论：1 – 神经肌肉通路中疲劳的标志是运动单位放电速度减缓或停止，从而导致力量产出丧失。2 – 运动单位放电的变化源于对运动神经元的多种影响，主要是传入输入（向大脑传递的神经冲动）和突触输入 （在突触连接处解码的信息，进而产生神经冲动）的变化。3 – 与大脑相互作用的神经递质会根据环境、温度及疲劳感等因素，在信息解读过程中改变运动表现。综合这些结论，研究人员认定：“神经肌肉系统、感觉系统和稳态系统的变化都可能导致运动疲劳。” 因此，大脑在决定停止运动方面与肌肉同样重要，因为在运动过程中，两者之间会迅速传递信号。
Taylor, J. L., Amann, M., Duchateau, J., Meeusen, R., & Rice, C. L. (2016). 神经系统对肌肉疲劳的作用：从大脑到肌肉，再回到大脑。《运动医学与科学》。
研究 2
不同负重下四种杠铃练习平均向心速度的相关因素
Velocity Based Training research performed by researchers Fahs, Blumkaitis, and Rossow set out to examine the differences of average concentric barbell velocities between 35% and 100% of a 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for four exercises: back squat, bench press, deadlift, and overhead press. They were primarily investigating how training age, frequency, limb length, height and relative strength are related to concentric mean velocities. A total of 51 resistance-trained men (18 women; 33 men) participated and completed two separate testing sessions where the velocities of each of the four exercise was measured during a 1RM testing protocol. Results were that concentric mean velocity was significantly different among the four lifts at all relative loads between 35% and 100% (p<0.05) with the exception of 55% (p = 0.112). Researchers concluded that load-velocity profiles are different for each exercise and that primarily relative strength level and height played important roles in determining the concentric mean velocity for the various lifts. As a result, researchers suggested the velocity zones should be individualized for exercises and for athletes.
Fahs, C. A., Blumkaitis, J. C., & Rossow, L. M. (2019). 不同负重下四种杠铃练习平均向心速度的相关因素。《力量与体能训练研究杂志》。
研究3
基于速度的训练需注意：要求“尽可能快地移动”的效果不如设定目标速度
Velocity Based Training research performed by researchers Hirsch and Frost investigated the difference in instructing athletes to move at a target velocity vs. “as fast as possible” during a free-weight bench press. Thirteen male powerlifters were recruited and completed two separate testing sessions, the order of which was randomized and separated by 3-7 days. Participants underwent a warmup, a 1RM test, and 4 sub-maximal “velocity” sets of 5 reps at 45% 1RM, and another RM test. The target velocity for the velocity session was 1.0m/s. The “as fast as possible” group still had their velocities recorded, but not reported to them during the session. The target velocity sessions produced a significantly higher mean velocity than the “as fast as possible” (p<0.001). Researchers therefore concluded that giving athletes a target number to aim for is more effective than instructing them to move the barbell as fast as possible.
Hirsch, S. M., & Frost, D. M. (2019). 基于速度的训练需考虑的因素。《力量与体能研究杂志》，(7月)。
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